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EFFICACY AND CASE STUDIES
EFFICACY AND CASE STUDIES
INSTRUCTOR RESOURCES
INSTRUCTOR RESOURCES
STUDENT RESOURCES
STUDENT RESOURCES
MATH PLACEMENT
MATH PLACEMENT
ACCESSIBILITY
ACCESSIBILITY
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The ALEKS Higher Education Science course products listed below can easily be customized to fit a variety of instructional purposes, and offer a comprehensive curriculum to ensure student retention and success in the classroom.
(EN-SP) Fully Bilingual Course - English and Spanish
EnglishEN   EnglishEN EnglishEN General Chemistry (Second Quarter) (available with ALEKS 360) EnglishEN  This course covers material usually taught in the second quarter of a three-quarter sequence. By default, the topics listed below are all available. However, instructors can customize the course to align with their teaching goals using any topics from the complete ALEKS curriculum, which covers a full course sequence.   Integer multiplication and divisionSimplifying a fractionEquivalent fractionsWriting expressions using exponentsEvaluating expressions with exponents of zeroSquare root of a perfect squareUsing distribution and combining like terms to simplify: UnivariateQuotient rule with negative exponents: Problem type 1Power and quotient rules with positive exponentsSquare root of a perfect square monomialAdditive property of equality with integersMultiplicative property of equality with signed fractionsSolving a linear equation with several occurrences of the variable: Fractional forms with monomial numeratorsSolving a rational equation that simplifies to linear: Denominator x+aSolving for a variable in terms of other variables using addition or subtraction with divisionSolving for a variable in terms of other variables in a linear equation with fractionsSolving a quadratic equation using the square root property: Decimal answers, basicSolving a quadratic equation using the square root property: Decimal answers, advancedApplying the quadratic formula: Decimal answersClassifying slopes given graphs of linesGraphing a line through a given point with a given slopeFinding slope given the graph of a line on a gridUnderstanding that opposite charges attract and like charges repelUnderstanding net electrical chargeUnderstanding how electrostatic forces cancelSketching polarization induced by a nearby chargeConverting between decimal numbers and numbers written in scientific notationKnowing the value of an SI prefix as a power of 10Interconverting temperatures in Celsius and KelvinsCounting significant digitsCounting significant digits when measurements are added or subtractedCounting significant digits when measurements are multiplied or dividedPredicting the units of the solution to a basic quantitative problemDeducing the unit missing from the solution to a basic quantitative problemSetting up the math for a one-step problem with unit conversionSetting up the math for a two-step quantitative problemRecognizing element familiesOrganization of the Periodic TablePredicting the ions formed by common main-group elementsCounting valence electrons in a neutral atomUnderstanding the prefixes used in naming binary compoundsDeducing the ions in a binary ionic compound from its empirical formulaNaming ionic compounds with common oxoanionsFinding molar mass from chemical formulaeBalancing chemical equations with interfering coefficientsWriting a chemical equation from a molecular movieWriting the net equation for a sequence of reactionsUsing a chemical equation to find moles of product from moles of reactantSolving for a reactant using a chemical equationIdentifying the limiting reactant in a drawing of a mixtureCalculating molarity using solute massUsing molarity to find solute mass and solution volumeIdentifying the correct sketch of a compound in aqueous solutionWriting net ionic equationsPredicting the products of a neutralization reactionDetermining the volume of base needed to titrate a given mass of acidAssigning oxidation numbersRecognizing reduction and oxidationPredicting products from a general statement about reactivityUnderstanding the definitions of heat and workUnderstanding the definition of enthalpyUsing the general properties of reaction enthalpyRecognizing s and p orbitalsDeducing n and l from a subshell labelDrawing a box diagram of the electron configuration of an atomWriting the electron configuration of an atom using the Periodic TableIdentifying s, p, d and f block elementsIdentifying elements with a similar valence electron configurationUnderstanding periodic trends in effective nuclear chargeDeducing the block of an element from an electron configurationUnderstanding periodic trends in atomic sizeUnderstanding periodic trends in atomic ionizabilityCounting bonding and nonbonding electron pairs in a Lewis structureDeciding whether a Lewis structure satisfies the octet ruleWriting Lewis structures for diatomic moleculesPredicting the single-bonded molecular compounds formed by two elementsCalculating formal chargeWriting Lewis structures for a molecule with one central atom and no octet-rule exceptionsRecognizing exceptions to the octet ruleWriting the Lewis structures for a molecule with resonanceDrawing Lewis structures for simple organic compoundsPredicting the relative electronegativities of atomsPredicting relative bond polarityPredicting the relative length and energy of chemical bondsPredicting the arrangement of electron groups around the central atom of a moleculeNaming the shape of molecules with one central atom and no octet-rule exceptionsPredicting bond angles in molecules with one central atom and no octet-rule exceptionsPredicting bond angles in a small organic moleculePredicting whether molecules are polar or nonpolarNaming common chemical groupsIdentifying common chemical groups in a Lewis structureCounting sigma and pi bonds in a small moleculeIdentifying carbon hybridization in simple organic moleculesRecognizing typical LCAO molecular orbitalsInterconverting atmospheres and torrUnderstanding pressure equilibrium and atmospheric pressureSolving applications of Boyle's LawUsing the ideal equation of stateInterconverting molar mass and density of ideal gasesCalculating partial pressure of a gas from a sketchCalculating mole fraction in a gas mixtureCalculating the mass of a gas collected over waterSolving for a gaseous reactantUnderstanding how average molecular kinetic energy scales with temperaturePredicting how molecular speed distribution changes with temperature and molar massUnderstanding how molecular collision rate scales with temperature and volumeUsing relative effusion rates to find an unknown molar massUsing thermodynamic state to order the ideality of gasesIdentifying the origin of nonideality in a gasIdentifying a molecule from its electrostatic potential mapPredicting the strength of intermolecular forces from an electrostatic potential mapIdentifying hydrogen-bonding interactions between moleculesIdentifying the intermolecular forces between atoms, ions and moleculesPredicting the relative strength of the dispersion force between moleculesPredicting the relative boiling points of pure substancesIdentifying important physical properties of liquidsUnderstanding consequences of important physical properties of liquidsRelating vapor pressure to vaporizationUnderstanding the connection between vapor pressure, boiling point, and enthalpy of vaporizationPredicting the type of solid formed by a compoundPredicting the relative stability of ionic crystals from a sketchPredicting the relative lattice energy of binary ionic compoundsDrawing the unit cell of a 2D latticeCounting the atoms in a unit cellRecognizing and naming close-packed crystal latticesRecognizing and naming lattices with cubic unit cellsUsing heat of fusion or vaporization to find the heat needed to melt or boil a substanceUsing a phase diagram to predict phase at a given temperature and pressureLabeling a typical simple phase diagramUsing a phase diagram to find a phase transition temperature or pressureSketching a described thermodynamic change on a phase diagramIdentifying phase transitions on a heating curveInterpreting a heating curveCalculating mass percent compositionCalculating molalityCalculating mole fractionCalculating mass concentrationSolving applied dilution problemsApplying like dissolves likeUnderstanding how solubility varies with temperature and pressurePredicting relative boiling point elevations and freezing point depressionsUsing the Kf and Kb equationsUsing the Kf and Kb equations with electrolytesUsing osmotic pressure to find molar massUsing a solution freezing point to calculate a molar massUsing Raoult's Law to calculate the vapor pressure of a componentCalculating ideal solution composition after a distillationPredicting how reaction rate varies with pressure, concentration and temperatureCalculating the reaction rate of one reactant from that of anotherCalculating average and instantaneous reaction rate from a graph of concentration versus timeUsing a rate lawUsing reactant reaction order to predict changes in initial rateDeducing a rate law from initial reaction rate dataCalculating the change in concentration after a whole number of half-lives of a first-order reactionUsing a zero order integrated rate law to find concentration changeUsing an integrated rate law for a first-order reactionUsing a second-order integrated rate law to find concentration changeUsing first- and second-order integrated rate lawsDeducing a rate law from the change in concentration over timeFinding half life and rate constant from a graph of concentration versus timeSolving applied problems with first-order kineticsInterpreting a reaction energy diagramRelating activation energy to reaction rateDrawing the reaction energy diagram of a catalyzed reactionUnderstanding the qualitative predictions of the Arrhenius equationIdentifying the molecularity of an elementary reactionIdentifying intermediates in a reaction mechanismWriting a plausible missing step for a simple reaction mechanismWriting the rate law of an elementary reactionWriting the rate law implied by a simple mechanism with an initial slow stepExpressing the concentration of an intermediate in terms of the concentration of reactantsWriting the rate law implied by a simple mechanismDeducing information about reaction mechanisms from a reaction energy diagramUnderstanding that no reaction goes to 100% completionPredicting relative forward and reverse rates of reaction in a dynamic equilibriumUsing Le Chatelier's Principle to predict the result of changing concentrationUsing Le Chatelier's Principle to predict the result of changing temperatureWriting a concentration equilibrium constant expressionWriting a pressure equilibrium constant expressionWriting the concentration equilibrium expression for a heterogeneous equilibriumWriting the pressure equilibrium expression for a heterogeneous equilibriumCalculating an equilibrium constant from an equilibrium compositionUsing an equilibrium constant to predict the direction of spontaneous reactionUsing the general properties of equilibrium constantsRecognizing equilibrium from a sketchPredicting equilibrium composition from a sketchSetting up a reaction tableCalculating equilibrium composition from an equilibrium constantCalculating an equilibrium constant from a partial equilibrium compositionCalculating an equilibrium composition after a prior equilibrium determines KSolving problems that mix equilibrium ideas with gas lawsWriting a solubility product (Ksp) expressionUsing Ksp to calculate the solubility of a compoundUsing the solubility of a compound to calculate KspCalculating the solubility of an ionic compound when a common ion is presentUnderstanding the effect of pH on the solubility of ionic compoundsIdentifying acids and bases by their reaction with waterUnderstanding the difference between strong and weak acidsIdentifying Bronsted-Lowry acids and basesIdentifying strong or weak acids and bases from a sketchFinding the conjugate of an acid or basePredicting acid or base strength from the conjugatePredicting the products of the reaction of a strong acid with waterPredicting the reactants of a neutralization reactionPredicting the qualitative acid-base properties of saltsPredicting the qualitative acid-base properties of metal cationsIdentifying Lewis acids and bases in reactionsNaming inorganic acidsDeducing the formulae of inorganic acids from their namesNaming acid saltsRecognizing common acids and basesPredicting the relative acidity of binary acidsUnderstanding the effect of induction on acidityInterconverting pH and hydronium ion concentrationInterconverting pH and pOH at 25°CInterconverting hydronium and hydroxide concentration at 25°CMaking qualitative estimates of pH changeCalculating the pH of a strong acid solutionCalculating the pH of a strong base solutionDiluting a strong acid solution to a given pHPreparing a strong base solution with a given pHWriting an acid dissociation constant expressionDetermining the strength of acids from a sketchCalculating the Ka of a weak acid from pHCalculating the pH of a weak acid solutionWriting a base protonation constant expressionCalculating the pH of a weak base solutionDeriving Kb from KaInterconverting Ka and pKaCalculating the pH of a salt solutionCalculating percent dissociation of a weak acidWriting the dissociation reactions of a polyprotic acidCalculating the pH of a weak acid titrated with a strong baseCalculating the pH of a weak base titrated with a strong acidCalculating the pH at equivalence of a titrationIdentifying the major species in weak acid or weak base equilibriaSetting up a reaction table for a pH calculation with a common ionCalculating the pH of a bufferCalculating the composition of a buffer of a given pHSigned fraction addition or subtraction: BasicSigned fraction multiplication: BasicSigned fraction divisionExponents and fractionsIntroduction to inequalitiesIntroduction to exponentsIntroduction to order of operationsOrdering numbers with positive exponentsEvaluating an expression with a negative exponent: Whole number baseEvaluating an expression with a negative exponent: Positive fraction baseComplex fraction without variables: Problem type 1Introduction to square root multiplicationAbsolute value of a numberEvaluating a quadratic expression: IntegersCombining like terms: Integer coefficientsCombining like terms in a quadratic expressionDistributive property: Integer coefficientsIntroduction to the product rule of exponentsProduct rule with positive exponents: UnivariateIntroduction to the product rule with negative exponentsIntroduction to the quotient rule of exponentsSimplifying a ratio of univariate monomialsIntroduction to the power of a product rule of exponentsRewriting an algebraic expression without a negative exponentSquaring a binomial: UnivariateMultiplying binomials with leading coefficients greater than 1Multiplying rational expressions involving multivariate monomialsComplex fraction involving univariate monomialsWriting a one-step expression for a real-world situationWriting a multi-step equation for a real-world situationIdentifying solutions to a linear equation in one variable: Two-step equationsIdentifying solutions to a linear equation in two variablesAdditive property of equality with a negative coefficientSolving a multi-step equation given in fractional formSolving a proportion of the form a/(x+b) = c/xSolving a word problem with two unknowns using a linear equationAdditive property of inequality with integersSolving a two-step linear inequality: Problem type 2Discriminant of a quadratic equationIntroduction to solving a radical equationSolving a radical equation that simplifies to a linear equation: One radical, basicGraphing a line given its equation in slope-intercept form: Fractional slopeWriting the equation of a line given the y-intercept and another pointFinding slope given two points on a lineFinding the slope and y-intercept of a line given its equation in the form Ax + By = CFinding x- and y-intercepts given the graph of a line on a gridFinding x- and y-intercepts of a line given the equation: AdvancedConstructing a scatter plotSketching the line of best fitScatter plots and correlationApproximating the equation of a line of best fit and making predictionsClassifying linear and nonlinear relationships from scatter plotsLinear relationship and the correlation coefficientChoosing a graph to fit a narrative: BasicChoosing a graph to fit a narrative: AdvancedConstructing a histogram for numerical dataMean of a data setFinding the mean of a symmetric distributionPopulation standard deviationWord problem involving calculations from a normal distributionEvaluating a logarithmic expressionSolving an equation of the form logba = cBasic properties of logarithmsExpanding a logarithmic expression: Problem type 1Expanding a logarithmic expression: Problem type 2Writing an expression as a single logarithmEvaluating an exponential function with base e that models a real-world situationConverting between common logarithmic and exponential equationsConverting between natural logarithmic and exponential equationsSolving a multi-step equation involving natural logarithmsSolving an exponential equation by using logarithms: Decimal answers, basicSolving an exponential equation by using natural logarithms: Decimal answersGraphing an exponential function and its asymptote: f(x) = a(e)x-b + cFinding an angle measure of a triangle given two anglesFinding an angle measure for a triangle with an extended sideFinding an angle measure for a triangle sharing a side with another trianglePythagorean TheoremSine, cosine, and tangent ratios: Numbers for side lengthsUsing the Pythagorean Theorem to find a sine, cosine, or tangent ratio in a right triangleUsing a trigonometric ratio to find a side length in a right triangleUsing a trigonometric ratio to find an angle measure in a right triangleSolving a right triangleFinding the magnitude and direction of a vector given its graphFinding the components of a vector given its graphFinding the component of a vector along another vectorCalculating gravitational potential energyUsing conservation of energy with gravitational potential energyUsing conservation of energy with electrostatic potential energyUnderstanding how electrostatic force scales with charge and separationUnderstanding how electrostatic potential energy scales with charge and separationCalculating the magnitude of an electrostatic force using Coulomb's LawUnderstanding that electrostatic forces add as vectorsUnderstanding how electrostatic energy scales with charge and separationCalculating electrostatic energy using Coulomb's LawMultiplication of a decimal by a power of tenDivision of a decimal by a power of tenMultiplying and dividing numbers written in scientific notationCalculating positive powers of scientific notationFinding negative powers of scientific notationKnowing the dimension of common scientific units of measurementUnderstanding the purpose of SI prefixesInterconversion of prefixed and base SI unitsInterconversion of prefixed SI unitsInterconverting compound SI unitsInterconverting derived SI unitsInterconverting whole degree temperatures in Celsius and kelvinsInterconverting temperatures in Celsius and FahrenheitAddition and subtraction of measurementsSimplifying unit expressionsMultiplication and division of measurementsOne step dosage calculationsDosage calculations using patient weightDosage rate calculationsRounding to a given significant digitAdding or subtracting and multiplying or dividing measurementsReading a measurement from an analog instrumentDistinguishing accuracy and precisionCalculating absolute and relative errorNaming components of the scientific methodSetting up a one-step unit conversionSetting up a unit reprefix conversionSetting up a unit conversionSetting up the solution to a basic quantitative problemIdentifying errors in the solution to a basic quantitative problemSetting up the math for a one-step quantitative problemEstimating the volume in liters of a square prism objectFinding the side length of a cube from its volume in litersEstimating the volume in liters of a spherical objectEstimating the volume in liters of a cylindrical objectCalculating volume by combining the volume of simple shapesUnderstanding the relationship between mass, volume, and densityCalculating mass densityUsing mass density to find mass or volumeSolving applied density problemsDistinguishing mixtures from pure substances through physical propertiesNaming common laboratory separation techniquesDistinguishing physical and chemical properties by a macroscopic descriptionDistinguishing extensive and intensive propertiesDistinguishing elements and compoundsDistinguishing compounds and mixturesClassifying substances from a sketchDistinguishing chemical and physical changeDistinguishing solid, liquid and gas phases of a pure substanceUsing the Law of Constant CompositionUsing the Law of Multiple ProportionsNames and symbols of important elementsReading a Periodic Table entryUnderstanding periods and groups of the Periodic TableStandard chemical and physical states of the elementsUsing the Periodic Table to identify similar elementsDistinguishing a metal from a nonmetal by physical propertiesIdentifying the parts of an atomCounting the number of protons and electrons in a neutral atomCounting protons and electrons in atoms and atomic ionsFinding isoprotonic atomsFinding isoelectronic atomsIsotopesFinding atomic mass from isotope mass and natural abundanceFinding isotope mass or natural abundance from atomic massCounting valence electrons in an atomic ionDrawing the Lewis dot diagram of a main group atom or common atomic ionCounting the electron shells in a neutral atomCounting the number of atoms in a formula unitWriting a chemical formula given a molecular modelWriting a chemical formula given a chemical structureUnderstanding the difference between a molecular and empirical formulaNaming binary covalent compoundsPredicting whether a compound is ionic or molecularDistinguishing an ionic from a molecular compound by physical propertiesPredicting the formula of binary ionic compoundsNaming binary ionic compoundsDeducing the empirical formula of a binary ionic compound from its namePredicting ionic compounds formed by two elementsPredicting and naming ionic compounds formed by two elementsIdentifying common polyatomic ionsPredicting the formula of ionic compounds with common polyatomic ionsNaming ionic compounds with common polyatomic ionsDeducing the ions in a polyatomic ionic compound from its empirical formulaIdentifying oxoanionsNaming hydratesUsing the Avogadro NumberCalculating and using the molar mass of elementsCalculating and using the molar mass of diatomic elementsCalculating and using the molar mass of heterodiatomic compoundsFinding mole ratios from chemical formulaeFinding chemical formulae from a mole ratioInterconverting number of atoms and mass of compoundFinding mass percent from chemical formulaeSolving applied mass percent problemsElemental analysis of binary compoundsElemental analysisFinding a molecular formula from molar mass and elemental analysis of binary compoundsFinding a molecular formula from molar mass and elemental analysisCombustion analysisStoichiometric coefficientsBalancing chemical equations with noninterfering coefficientsWriting a chemical equation from a description of the reactionSolving moles-to-moles limiting reactant problemsLimiting reactantsUnderstanding theoretical, actual, and percent yieldTheoretical yield of chemical reactionsPercent yield of chemical reactionsReaction sequence stoichiometryCalculating molarity using solute molesUsing molarity to find solute moles and solution volumeCalculating ion molarity using solute massDilutionSolving for a reactant in solutionSolving limiting reactant problems in solutionPredicting the products of dissolutionPredicting precipitationIdentifying acids and bases by their chemical formulaDetermining the molar mass of an acid by titrationStandardizing a base solution by titrationIdentifying oxidizing and reducing agentsIdentifying oxidized and reduced reactants in a metal-nonmetal reactionIdentifying oxidized and reduced reactants in a single-displacement reactionPredicting whether simple electrochemical reactions happenSolving a redox titration problemIdentifying combination, decomposition, single and double displacement reactionsIdentifying precipitation, combustion and acid-base reactionsPredicting the products of a combustion reactionPredicting the products of a single displacement reaction involving hydrogenPredicting the products of a gas-evolving double displacement reactionUnderstanding how kinetic energy scales with mass and speedCalculating kinetic energyUsing conservation of energy to predict the qualitative exchange of kinetic and potential energyCalculating pressure-volume workInterconverting calories and joulesCalculating specific heat capacityUsing specific heat capacity to find heatUsing specific heat capacity to find temperature changeCalculating molar heat capacitySolving a basic calorimetry problemFinding the equilibrium temperature when substances at different temperatures mixCalculating the heat of reaction from molar reaction enthalpy and the mass of a reactantCalculating heat of reaction from constant-pressure calorimetry dataCalculating heat of reaction from bomb calorimetry dataUsing Hess's Law to calculate net reaction enthalpyWriting a standard formation reactionCalculating a molar heat of reaction from formation enthalpiesSolving combustion thermochemistry problemsCalculating the heat of reaction from bond energies and Lewis structuresCalculating the heat of reaction from bond energiesUnderstanding the meaning of a de Broglie wavelengthFinding the minimum uncertainty in a position or velocity measurementInterpreting the radial probability distribution of an orbitalInterpreting the angular probability distribution of an orbitalDeciding the relative energy of electron subshellsDeducing the allowed quantum numbers of an atomic electronCalculating the capacity of electron subshellsKnowing the subshells of an electron shellInterpreting the electron configuration of a neutral atomInterpreting the electron configuration of a neutral atom in noble-gas notationWriting the electron configuration of a neutral atom with s and p electrons onlyWriting the electron configuration of a neutral atom with a filled d subshellInterpreting the electron configuration of an atom or atomic ionInterpreting the electron configuration of an atom or atomic ion in noble-gas notationWriting the electron configuration of an atom or atomic ion with s and p electrons onlyIdentifying quantum mechanics errors in electron configurationsIdentifying the electron added or removed to form an ion from an s or p block atomIdentifying the electron added or removed to form an ionUnderstanding the definitions of ionization energy and electron affinityPredicting the relative ionization energy of elementsDeducing valence electron configuration from trends in successive ionization energiesRanking the screening efficacy of atomic orbitalsUnderstanding the organization of the electromagnetic spectrumInterconverting the wavelength and frequency of electromagnetic radiationInterconverting wavelength, frequency and photon energyCalculating the wavelength of a spectral line from an energy diagramPredicting the qualitative features of a line spectrumCalculating the wavelength of a line in the spectrum of hydrogenCounting electron pairs in a Lewis structure with double or triple bondsCounting valence electrons in a molecule or polyatomic ionPredicting the compound formed by two main group elementsWriting Lewis structures for an expanded valence shell central atomPredicting bond polarityPredicting the relative ionic character of chemical bondsIdentifying a molecule with one central atom from its 3D shapeUsing the AXE notation to describe a molecule with a central atomPredicting and naming the shape of molecules with a central atomPredicting deviations from ideal bond anglesIdentifying hybridization in a small moleculeDrawing the MO energy diagram for a Period 2 homodiatomUsing the MO model to predict bond order and paramagnetismInterconverting pressure and forceInterconverting atmospheres and kilopascalsUnderstanding Boyle's LawUsing Charles's LawUsing the combined gas lawUsing Avogadro's LawCalculating partial pressure in a gas mixtureUnderstanding how average molecular speed scales with temperature and molar massInterpreting a graph of molecular speed distributionCalculating average molecular speedUnderstanding the origin of the van der Waals equation of stateUsing the van der Waals equation of stateIdentifying the important intermolecular forces in pure compoundsCalculating vapor pressure from boiling point and enthalpy of vaporizationCalculating enthalpy of vaporization from vapor pressureInterpreting a Born-Haber cycleCalculating key distances in the fcc unit cellCalculating key distances in the bcc unit cellFinding an atomic radius from an fcc or bcc lattice constantFinding density from an fcc or bcc lattice constantDrawing a heating curveUsing mass percent composition to find solution volumeCalculating volume percent compositionFinding mass or volume from percent concentrationCalculating ionic solution composition in equivalentsSolving applied equivalents composition problemsUsing mass concentration to find solute mass and solution volumeSolving applied mass concentration problemsCalculating solubilityUsing solubility to calculate solute mass or solution volumeUnderstanding conceptual components of the enthalpy of solutionUsing Henry's Law to calculate the solubility of a gasPredicting the relative heat of hydration of ionsCalculating and using the van't Hoff factor for electrolytesUsing the Arrhenius equation to calculate k at one temperature from k at anotherUsing the Arrhenius equation to calculate Ea from k versus T dataCalculating an equilibrium constant from a heterogeneous equilibrium compositionInterconverting Kp and KcWriting an equilibrium constant for a reaction sequenceUsing the small x approximation to solve equilibrium problemsUsing the van't Hoff equation to predict K at a different temperatureWriting a complex ion formation constant expressionUsing Kf to calculate the equilibrium molarity of a complexCalculating the solubility of an ionic compound when a complex may formPredicting the acid-base properties of a binary oxide in waterUnderstanding connections between descriptions of weak acid dissociationCalculating the pH of a dilute acid solutionSolving a polyprotic acid equilibrium composition problemCalculating entropy change from reversible heat flowCalculating absolute entropy using the Boltzmann hypothesisCalculating entropy change using the Boltzmann hypothesisPredicting qualitatively how entropy changes with temperature and volumePredicting qualitatively how entropy changes with mixing and separationQualitatively predicting reaction entropyUsing the Second Law to predict spontaneous changeCalculating reaction entropy using the standard molar entropies of reactantsUsing the general properties of Gibbs free energyCalculating dG from dH and dSUsing the conditions of spontaneity to deduce the signs of ΔH and ΔSCalculating standard reaction free energy from standard free energies of formationEstimating a phase transition temperature from standard thermodynamic dataInterconverting standard Gibbs free energy and KUsing thermodynamic data to calculate KRecognizing consistency between statements about standard Gibbs free energyUsing the maximum work theorem with chemical workCalculating reaction free energy under nonstandard conditionsUsing reaction free energy to predict equilibrium compositionWriting a simple half-reaction from its descriptionWriting the half-reactions of a metal-nonmetal reactionWriting the half-reactions of a single-displacement reactionWriting and balancing complex half-reactions in acidic solutionWriting and balancing complex half-reactions in basic solutionBalancing a complex redox equation in acidic or basic solutionWriting the half-reactions of a complex redox reaction in acidic or basic solutionDesigning a galvanic cell from a single-displacement redox reactionDesigning a galvanic cell from two half-reactionsAnalyzing a galvanic cellPicking a reduction or oxidation that will make a galvanic cell workRanking the strength of oxidizing and reducing agents using standard reduction potentialsCalculating standard reaction free energy from standard reduction potentialsRecognizing consistency among equilibrium constant, free energy, and cell potentialUsing the Nernst equation to calculate nonstandard cell voltageUnderstanding concentration cellsUsing the relationship between charge, current and timeUsing the Faraday constantAnalyzing the electrolysis of molten saltCalculating the mass of an electrolysis product from the applied currentUnderstanding main-group periodic trends in ionization energyUnderstanding main-group periodic trends in atomic radiusUnderstanding main-group periodic trends in metallicityPredicting the most positive and negative oxidation states of main-group elementsPredicting the common oxidation states of main-group elementsPredicting the hydride formed by a main-group elementPredicting the oxide formed by a main-group elementIdentifying a main-block group from its general propertiesIdentifying a main-block group from an element oxideIdentifying a main-block group from an element halidePredicting the type of bonding in a main-group elementAssessing the consistency of statements relating to main-group valence electron configurationPredicting the products of the reaction of a Group 1A or 2A metal with waterPredicting the products of the reaction of a Group 1A or 2A metal with oxygenPredicting the products of the reaction of elements at either end of the Periodic TableIdentifying Group 3A elementsIdentifying Group 4A elementsIdentifying Group 5A elementsIdentifying Group 6A elementsUnderstanding the chemical formulae of interhalogensUnderstanding how halide bond length varies down a main-block groupOrdering the melting points of elements at either end of the Periodic TableRanking the oxidizing power of halogensWriting the electron configuration of a first transition series atomInterpreting an outer electron box diagramDrawing the outer electron box diagram of a transition metal cationIdentifying transition metal cations with a given number of d electronsDeducing the number of d electrons and unpaired spins in a transition metal cationUnderstanding the exceptional electron configurations in the first transition seriesUnderstanding words that describe where transition metals lie in the Periodic TablePredicting the relative atomic radius of a transition metal atomPredicting the relative density of a transition metalPredicting the relative melting point of a transition metalPredicting the highest common oxidation state of a metal in the first transition seriesPredicting the reaction of a transition metal with a strong acidWriting the formula of a metal complex from its descriptionRecognizing typical metal ligandsDetermining the oxidation state of the metal in a complex ionNaming complex cations with one type of ligandNaming complex anions with one type of ligandNaming complex ionsDetermining the oxidation state of the metal in a coordination compoundNaming coordination compoundsDetermining the coordination number of a metal in a complexUnderstanding the connection between geometry and coordination number of a metal complexDistinguishing isomers and alternate views of a metal complexDrawing an isomer of a metal complexDrawing cis and trans isomers of a metal complexAdding electrons to a crystal field theory energy level diagramPredicting color and magnetic properties from a crystal field theory energy level diagramDrawing a crystal field theory energy level diagramInterpreting the symbol for a nuclideWriting the symbols in a nuclear chemical equationBalancing a nuclear chemical equationWriting the equation for a typical radioactive decayCalculating the energy change in a nuclear reaction from the mass changeKnowing the properties of the common types of nuclear radiationUnderstanding the common modes of radioactive decayUnderstanding radioactive half lifeInterconverting amount of radioactive decay and half lifeCalculating radioactive activity from half lifeUsing isotope ratios to radiodateUsing activity to radiodateKnowing units of radiation dosage and exposureIdentifying important types of nuclear medicine procedureIdentifying organic compoundsIdentifying rigid parts of an acyclic organic moleculeIdentifying hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts of an organic moleculeInterpreting condensed chemical structuresInterpreting condensed chemical structures with benzene ringsInterpreting the skeletal structure of a neutral organic moleculeDrawing a skeletal structure from a simple condensed structureDrawing a skeletal structure from a condensed structureInterpreting a skeletal structure with aromatic ringsRecognizing different skeletal structuresUnderstanding H atoms in a skeletal structureComparing skeletal structures related by one fewer bondUsing wedges and dashes in skeletal structuresNaming normal alkanesIdentifying the main chain of branched alkanesNaming the parent hydrocarbon of branched alkanesNaming alkyl side chainsIdentifying organic functional groupsUsing family suffixes to name organic compoundsUnderstanding the basic descriptive vocabulary of hydrocarbonsUnderstanding the basic descriptive vocabulary of molecules with functional groupsNumbering the main chain of branched alkanesNaming and drawing small alkyl substituentsNaming and drawing alkyl and alkoxy substituentsIdentifying constitutional isomersDrawing the condensed structure of a constitutional isomerDrawing the skeletal structure of a constitutional isomerIdentifying a chiral molecule from its condensed structureIdentifying chiral centers in a cyclic moleculeDrawing the mirror image of a simple organic moleculeIdentifying the enantiomer of a simple organic moleculeClassifying organic reactionsRecognizing organic acids and basesDeducing oxidation state from a Lewis structureIdentifying oxidation and reduction in organic reactionsNaming branched alkanesUsing multiplying affixes in the names of branched alkanesNaming and drawing normal alkanes.Naming and drawing simple cyclic alkanesNaming and drawing branched alkanesNaming and drawing simple substituted cycloalkanesNaming unbranched alkenes and alkynesNaming alkenes and alkynesNaming and drawing linear alkenes with one double bondIdentifying cis/trans isomerism in a small condensed structureIdentifying cis/trans isomerism in a skeletal structureDrawing the cis or trans isomer of a small alkeneNaming benzene derivativesPredicting the reactants or products of alkene hydrogenationPredicting the reactants or products of alkene hydrationNaming alkyl halidesNaming and drawing alkyl halidesNaming alcoholsNaming and drawing alcohols without alkyl side groupsNaming and drawing thiols without alkyl side groupsNaming and drawing alcoholsIdentifying primary, secondary, and tertiary alcoholsIdentifying common alcohols from a descriptionPredicting the products of symmetric alcohol dehydrationPredicting the reactants or products of alcohol oxidationUnderstanding the common names of simple ethersUnderstanding the common names of simple ketonesNaming and drawing ketonesNaming and drawing aldehydesPredicting the reactants or products of alcohol and aldehyde oxidationPredicting the reactants or products of carbonyl reductionIdentifying and drawing hemiacetals and acetalsPredicting the reactants or products of hemiacetal and acetal formationPredicting the reactants or products of acetal hydrolysisUnderstanding the common names of simple aminesIdentifying primary, secondary, and tertiary aminesNaming and drawing primary amines without alkyl side groupsNaming and drawing secondary and tertiary aminesNaming aldehydes and acidsNaming and drawing carboxylic acidsUnderstanding the names of carboxylate saltsNaming and drawing unsubstituted estersIdentifying primary, secondary, and tertiary amidesNaming and drawing unsubstituted amidesUnderstanding common names of carboxylic acids and derivativesIdentifying positions labeled with Greek letters in acids and derivativesKnowing the common names of small diacidsPredicting the reactants or products of esterificationPredicting the reactants or products of ester hydrolysisPredicting the products of ester saponificationPredicting the reactants or products of amidationPredicting the products of amide hydrolysisUnderstanding the descriptive vocabulary of monosaccharidesDrawing the Fischer projection of the enantiomer of a monosaccharideDrawing the Haworth projection of an aldose from its Fischer projectionDrawing the Haworth projection of a ketose from its Fischer projectionNaming and drawing cyclic monosaccharidesIdentifying a given carbon in a cyclic monosaccharideNaming and drawing the products of aldose oxidation and reductionIdentifying the parts of a disaccharideKnowing the names and properties of common sugarsIdentifying common polysaccharidesUnderstanding the glycosidic links in common polysaccharidesUnderstanding the basic descriptive vocabulary of fatty acidsUnderstanding lipid number notationUnderstanding melting points trends of fatty acidsIdentifying the components of wax estersIdentifying the parts of a triacylglycerolIdentifying the parts of a glycerophospholipidIdentifying the parts of a sphingomyelinIdentifying molecules that could be in a cell membraneRecognizing the steroid nucleusClassifying lipids derived from fatty acidsMatching structure and function of common lipidsPredicting the products or reactants of triacylglycerol hydrogenationPredicting the products or reactants of triacylglycerol hydrolysis or saponificationRecognizing alpha amino acidsClassifying amino acidsIdentifying the stereochemistry of natural amino acidsUnderstanding the general acid-base properties of amino acidsIdentifying and drawing peptide bondsDescribing peptides with 3-letter codesIdentifying specific interactions between residues in a proteinPredicting the location in a protein of a residue sequenceNaming an element of protein secondary structure from a descriptionIdentifying changes at different levels of protein structureRecognizing nucleotidesNumbering the carbons in nucleotidesNaming and drawing nucleosidesNaming and drawing nucleotidesUnderstanding the arrangement of hydrogen bonds in DNA base pairsUnderstanding the structure of nucleic acid strandsWriting complementary DNA sequencesUnderstanding that DNA replication is semiconservativeIdentifying the major types of RNA from a descriptionUnderstanding the relationship between DNA and mRNA base sequencesUsing the genetic codeClassifying mutationsPredicting reactants or products of phosphorylationPredicting the products of phosphoester or phosphoanhydride hydrolysisUnderstanding major biochemical energy storage and release reactionsIdentifying common redox coenzymes by their roles in a reactionUnderstanding the formation and hydrolysis of acyl-CoAKnowing basic facts about enzymesClassifying enzymesIdentifying reactants and products from an enzyme nameUnderstanding basic models of competitive and noncompetitive inhibitionPredicting the effect of temperature or pH on enzyme activityUnderstanding the biochemistry of digestionKnowing inputs and outputs of the citric acid cycleUnderstanding the general mechanism of oxidative phosphorylationSolving citric acid cycle ATP stoichiometry problemsKnowing inputs and outputs of glycolysisCompleting a simplified diagram of glycolysisCompleting a simplified diagram of glucose catabolismSolving carbohydrate catabolic stoichiometry problemsKnowing the steps of beta oxidationPredicting the product of beta oxidation activationKnowing inputs and outputs of beta oxidationSolving fatty acid catabolic stoichiometry problemsPredicting the products of catabolic amino acid transaminationCompleting a diagram of protein catabolism
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